ABSTRACT
The outbreak of pneumonia caused by infection with a new type of coronavirus called "severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2" (SARS-Cov-2), in Wuhan, China, has morphed into a pandemic. By referring to existing studies on coronaviruses, the infection mechanism and source of SARS-CoV-2 has been clarified gradually. Investigation of the diagnosis and treatment of pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2 (which was named "coronavirus disease 2019" (COVID-19) by the World Health Organization on 11 February 2020) has been carried out. Through study of the infective process and receptors, various antiviral drugs have aroused our interest. Based on the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in the 20005, and SARS-Cov-2, we discuss the development and evolution of coronaviruses, their source and route of transmission, infection and replication, preventive measures, diagnosis and potential treatment.
ABSTRACT
Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) exists in several kinds of virus. It has a negative influence on antibody therapy for viral infection. This effect was first identified in dengue virus and has since also been described for coronavirus. To date, the rapid spread of the newly emerged coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has affected over 3.8 million people across the globe. The novel coronavirus poses a great challenge and has caused a wave of panic. In this review, antibody-dependent enhancements in dengue virus and two kinds of coronavirus are summarized. Possible solutions for the effects are reported. We also speculate that ADE may exist in SARS-CoV-2.
Subject(s)
Antibody-Dependent Enhancement , Betacoronavirus/immunology , Coronavirus Infections/immunology , Pneumonia, Viral/immunology , Betacoronavirus/pathogenicity , COVID-19 , Coronavirus Infections/virology , Dengue Virus/immunology , Dengue Virus/pathogenicity , Humans , Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus/immunology , Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus/pathogenicity , Pandemics , Pneumonia, Viral/virology , SARS-CoV-2 , Viral Vaccines/immunologyABSTRACT
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a new type of pneumonia caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. COVID-19 is affecting millions of patients, and the infected number keeps increasing. SARS-CoV-2 is highly infectious, has a long incubation period, and causes a relatively high death rate, resulting in severe health problems all over the world. Currently there is no effective proven drug for the treatment of COVID-19; therefore, development of effective therapeutic drugs to suppress SARS-CoV-2 infection is urgently needed. In this review, we first summarize the structure and genome features of SARS-CoV-2 and introduce its infection and replication process. Then, we review the clinical symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options of COVID-19 patients. We further discuss the potential molecular targets and drug development strategies for treatment of the emerging COVID-19. Finally, we summarize clinical trials of some potential therapeutic drugs and the results of vaccine development. This review provides some insights for the treatment of COVID-19.